This is the meaning that the language, written or spoken, gives to the understanding of the text. The contribution to meaning by social statuses of the participants also fall within this feature. These relationships may be permanent or temporary. This is the meaning that the roles of and relationships among participants give to the understanding of the text. The tenor of discourse – interpersonal meaning This is the meaning that the social actions and the engagements of the participants are giving to the understanding of the text. Three features of context of situation The field of discourse – experiential meaning Text and context are so intimately related that neither concept can be comprehended in the absence of the other. Context of situation is the semio-socio-cultural environment in which the text unfolds. (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 5) Īccording to Halliday, text is a sign representation of a socio-cultural event embedded in a context of situation. This notion of what is 'with the text', however, goes beyond what is said and written: it includes other non-verbal signs-on-the total environment in which a text unfolds. There is a text and there is other text that accompanies it: text that is 'with', namely the con-text. This variance is mainly due to the different methods of observations of different linguists, and as such, the definition of text is not yet concrete. Text linguists generally agree that text is the natural domain of language, but they still differ in their perspectives of what constitutes a text. " a set of mutually relevant communicative functions, structured in such a way as to achieve an overall rhetorical purpose." (Hatim and Mason, 1990) "A text is made up of sentences, but there exist separate principles of text-construction, beyond the rules for making sentences." (Fowler, 1991: 59) It is not a grammatical unit, like a clause or a sentence and it is not defined by its size A text is best regarded as a semantic unit a unit not of form but of meaning." (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 1–2) " used in linguistics to refer to any passage- spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole A text is a unit of language in use. The surface text is the set of expressions actually used these expressions make some knowledge explicit, while other knowledge remains implicit, though still applied during processing." (Beaugrande and Dressler, 1981: 63) as a communicative language event in a context. "A naturally occurring manifestation of language, i. a non-text consists of random sequences of linguistic units such as sentences, paragraphs, or sections in any temporal and/or spatial extension." (Werlich, 1976: 23) "A text is an extended structure of syntactic units such as words, groups, and clauses and textual units that is marked by both coherence among the elements and completion. It is also the basis of various disciplines such as law, religion, medicine, science, and politics.
Text is extremely significant in communication because people communicate not by means of individual words or fragments of sentences in languages, but by means of texts. It is essentially the presentation of language as sets of sentences. Much attention has been given to the sentence as a self-contained unit, and not enough has been given to studying how sentences may be used in connected stretches of language. Introduction Reasons for text linguistics In general it is an application of discourse analysis at the much broader level of text, rather than just a sentence or word. Both the author of a (written or spoken) text as well as its addressee are taken into consideration in their respective (social and/or institutional) roles in the specific communicative context. the way in which it is situated in an interactional, communicative context. Text linguistics takes into account the form of a text, but also its setting, i. The application of text linguistics has, however, evolved from this approach to a point in which text is viewed in much broader terms that go beyond a mere extension of traditional grammar towards an entire text.
Its original aims lay in uncovering and describing text grammars.
Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication systems.
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